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ТЕМА 2. Государственное устройство Республики БеларусьUnit 2
State System of the Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Belarus is a unitary state. The President of the Republic of Belarus elected by the all-people vote is the head of state. The President is responsible for the organization of the executive power in the fields of economy, foreign policy, defence, national security and other spheres. He appoints and dismisses ministers, grants citizenship and pardons. The main law of the country is the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus which was adopted on the 15th of March, 1994 and amended in November, 1996, October, 2004 and February, 2022 after the republican referenda. According to the Constitution there are three branches of power in the state: the legislative power creating laws, the executive power accomplishing these laws and the judicial power which sees that these laws be observed. The All-Belarusian People's Assembly is the highest representative body of the people's power of the Republic of Belarus, which determines the strategic directions of the development of the society and the state. The maximum number of delegates of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly is 1200 people elected for five years. Meetings of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly are held at least once a year. The Chairman of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly, his deputies and other members of the Presidium are elected by the All-Belarusian People's Assembly by secret ballot. The Parliament of the Republic of Belarus, which is the highest legislative body, is represented by the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. It consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. At first a law draft is considered by the House of Representatives, then it is approved or rejected by the Council of the Republic of Belarus and the President, and only then it becomes a law. The Government, or the supreme executive power, is the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. It consists of the Prime Minister, his deputies and ministers. The Prime Minister governs the activities of the Council of Ministers. He is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic of Belarus with the approval of the Chamber of Representatives. The Council of Ministers is responsible for the effective development of economic, social and political situation in Belarus in accordance with the laws adopted by the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. The highest judicial bodies in the Republic of Belarus are the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court. The Сhairmen of these courts, their deputies and judges are elected and dismissed by the All-Belarusian People's Assembly.
A
Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations: Быть ответственным за организацию исполнительной власти, избираться всенародным голосованием, основной закон государства, в соответствии с Контитуцией, следить за соблюдением законов, высший представительный орган, определять стратегические направления развития общества и государства, избираться тайным голосованием, рассматривать законопроект, одобрять или отклонять законопроект, управлять деятельностью, эффективное развитие, назначать и снимать министров, предоставлять гражданство, даровать помилование.
Exercise 2. Match English and Russian equivalents:
Exercise 3.Fill in the gaps:
4. Tell what state body or government official has the function: 1) to see that laws be observed; 2) to create laws; 3) to accomplish laws; 4) to approve and reject law drafts; 5) to appoint and dismiss ministers; 6) to determine the strategic directions of the development of the society and the state; 7) to amend laws; 8) to grant citizenship and pardons; 9) to govern the activities of the Council of Ministers; 10) to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister; 11) to approve the appointment of the Prime Minister; 12) to elect and dismiss the Chairmen of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Belarus. 5. Complete the sentences: 1) The form of government in Belarus is … . 2) The head of state in the Republic of Belarus is … . 3) The President of the Republic of Belarus is responsible for … . 4) The main law of the country is … . 5) The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus was adopted in … . 6) There are three branches of power in the Republic of Belarus: … . 7) The highest legislative body is the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus, which consists of … . 8) The highest executive body is … . 9) The highest judicial bodies are ... . 10) The highest representative body in our republic is … .
6. Agree or disagree: 1) The Republic of Belarus is a unitary state. 2) The President of the Republic of Belarus is elected by the All-Belarusian People’s Assembly. 3) The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus was amended twice. 4) The main function of the legislative body is to create and amend laws. 5) The National Assembly consists of the House of Representatives and the Council of Ministers. 6) The Council of Ministers determines the strategic directions of the development of the society and the state. 7) The Prime Minister is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic of Belarus with the approval of the House of Representatives. 8) The maximum number of delegates of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly is 110 people elected for four years. 9) The highest judicial bodies in the Republic of Belarus are the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court. 10). The Chairmen of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court are elected by the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus.
7. Answer the questions: 1) Is the Republic of Belarus a unitary state or a federation? 2) Who heads the country? 3) What document is the main law of the country? 4) How many branches of power are there in the Republic of Belarus? 5) What is the highest legislative body? 6) What are the functions and the structure of the highest legislative body? 7) What is the highest executive body? 8) How is the Prime Minister appointed? 9) What are the highest judicial bodies? 10) What body of our country is responsible for determining the strategic directions of the development of the society and the state? B
Exercise 1. Read the following verb forms. Write out the forms of the Present Indefinite Tense (Passive Voice): Stay, are based, are becoming, am provided, is being made, didn’t return, is discussed, were passed, is made, has been formulated, is defined, are enforced, concern, is carried out. Exercise 2. Use the verbs in brackets in the Present Indefinite (Passive Voice). Translate the sentences into Russian: This lecturer (to invite) to deliver a course of lectures in civil law at our University. 2) A lot of young lawyers (to train) at our University every year. 3) The Parliament of Belarus (to know) as the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. 4) The simple majority system of voting (to use) in parliamentary elections in Britain. 5) Belarus (to locate) in the eastern part of Europe. 6) The Law (to base) upon the recorded experiences of society and the community in their efforts to define and regulate the relationships between their members. 7) Legislature as the legislative branch (to distinguish) from the executive and judicial branches of the government.
Exercise 3. Change the following sentences using the Present Indefinite (Passive Voice): 1) A solicitor is a lawyer who gives legal advice to his or her client and may sometimes represent them in court. 2) In law “to appeal” is to ask a higher court to change the judgment already given by a lower court. Criminals have the right to appeal against their sentences to the Court of Appeal. If the appeal is refused there can be a final appeal to the Supreme Court, but this rarely happens. 3) Anyone who wants to own a gun must get a firearm certificate from the police. 4) A defendant (in Scotland, called an accused) has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds. 5) The prosecution should also inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused. 6) A person can only be detained beyond 36 hours if a warrant is obtained from a magistrates’ court.
Exercise 4. Transform the sentences into the past and into the future: 1) The legislative power creates laws. 2) The Prime Minister governs the activities of the Council of Ministers. 3) People use legal means to regulate relations with each other. 4) Governments make laws and enforce them against citizens within their power. 5) The President appoints six judges of the Constitutional Court. 6) The Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court represent the judicial power. 7) Courts resolve disputes.
C
Text 1. 1) Read and translate the text. Answer the questions: a) What is the structure of the All-Belarusian People’s Assembly? b) What are its responsibilities? All-Belarusian People’s Assembly The All-Belarusian People’s Assembly is the highest representative body of people's power of the Republic of Belarus. The delegates of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly are: the President of the Republic of Belarus; the former President of the Republic of Belarus; representatives of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; representatives of the local Councils of Deputies; representatives of the civil society. Delegates from the local Councils of Deputies and civil society are elected from each region (oblast) and the City of Minsk. The maximum number of delegates of the All-Belarusian People’s Assembly is 1200 people. They are elected for five years. The All-Belarusian People's Assembly meets at least once a year. The All-Belarusian People’s Assembly has the power to approve the main guidelines of the domestic and foreign policy, the military doctrine, the national security concept, the social and economic development programs of the Republic of Belarus. It also has the right of legislative initiative. 2) Retell the text. Use questions from ex. 1) as a plan.
Text 2. 1) Read and translate the text and analyze every chamber of the National Assembly according to the following plan: a) The structure of the chamber. b) The requirements to its members. c) The main responsibilities of the chamber. National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus The legislative power in the Republic of Belarus is exercised by Parliament, the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. They are elected for 4 years. The House of Representatives consists of 110 members elected by the Belarusian people. Every citizen of the Republic of Belarus who is at least 21 years old can be a deputy of the House of Representatives. Members of the House of Representatives may neither be members of the Council of the Republic, the Government, local Councils of Deputies nor hold the office of the President or a judge at the same time. The House of Representatives considers law drafts, calls presidential elections, approves the appointment of the Prime Minister upon recommendation of the President, assesses the government's activity, etc. The Council of the Republic is the chamber of territorial representation. Eight members of the Council of the Republic are elected from each region (oblast) and the City of Minsk by secret ballot at meetings of the base-level councils of deputies. The remaining eight members of the Council of the Republic are appointed by the President of Belarus. A citizen of Belarus who has reached the age of 30 and has lived in the relevant region or the City of Minsk for at least five years can be a member of the Council of the Republic. The Council of the Republic approves or rejects law drafts adopted by the House of Representatives, gives prior consent to the President’s appointments of the Prosecutor General, Chairperson of the State Control Committee, the Chairperson and members of the Board of the National Bank, overrules decisions of local councils of deputies that contradict the legislation, etc. The Council of the Republic has the right of legislative initiative. 2) Retell the text according to the plan in ex.1).
Text 3. 1) Read and translate the text and answer the question: Who controls the activities of the Council of Ministers? Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus The Council of Ministers is a collegiate central government agency of the Republic of Belarus, which exercises the executive authority in the country. It is headed by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the President of the Republic of Belarus with the consent of the House of Representatives. The Council of Ministers consists of Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers, and may also include heads of other national state administration authorities. It is in charge of the system of subordinate ministries and other executive bodies. The Council of Ministers is accountable to the President and responsible to the National Assembly for its activities. The main tasks of the Council of Ministers are: to develop the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy; to draft the central state budget; to ensure national security and defensive capability; to ensure the execution of the Constitution, laws, decrees, ordinances, and executive orders of the President; to exercise other powers the Council of Ministers is entrusted with in accordance with the Constitution, laws, and enactments of the President. 2) Retell the text paying special attention to the structure and responsibilities of the Council of Ministers. D
State System of the Republic of Belarus
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